Forward contracts reaching maturity result in one of two outcomes – physical delivery or financial settlement. This paper puts forward the argument that, where reliable spot market price indices exist, electricity derivatives should be financially-settled. read more →
As increasingly sophisticated electricity markets develop, the software used to clear these markets will become more complex. The output of such market clearing programs has financial implications for market participants. It is very important, therefore, that their programs are tested rigorously before certification. The combination of engineering and economic principles used, and the complexity of the formulations underlying these programs, make this task challenging. read more →